The History of Computers in Education :: Technology in Education Computers Essays

The History of Computers in Education Computers were first introduced into schools in the late 1950, however, at that time they were only used by large universities for clerical work such as accounting, payroll, and for storing student records. Computers began to emerge more and more in the 1950, but it was still uncommon to see computers in schools. Today, one will find that quite the opposite exists. Since 1977 there has been a rapid growth in the use of computers throughout schools. Today the average public elementary school has 110 computers and 98% of these schools have access to the Internet. The ratio of students to computers, as of the year 2000 is less than five students per computer (Kafer np). Since their first appearance they have greatly changed education and have proved to be useful, valuable resources both in and out of the classroom. In the mid 1960 through the early 1970 the cost of computers decreased, while the availability of the machines increased. This allowed more schools and colleges to buy and use computers. With this new technology, teachers, administrators, and other school personnel could complete required tasks in less amount of time. One main benefit of computers in schools was that they saved the time and the energy of those who operated them. When computers were first introduced into schools they were largely used for secretarial tasks and administrative purposes. Records of the school students and faculty could all be stored on a computer. Also, inventory control and accounting could be done with a computer now. Computers allowed schools to keep and produce accurate records, which helped avoid financial disputes. Grades and attendance could now be stored on a computer drive, which also prevented disputes over miscalculations that might have occurred if records were kept by hand. Another administrative convenience introduced with computers was the ability to process and print student schedules. School resources, such as library books could now be managed through a computer system, monitoring what books were on loan and what was available. Having computer access in schools was extremely beneficial for administrative purposes.

International studies Essay

1. Business and Economics WEEK 4: Theories of International Trade and Investment 2. Mercantilism is a bankrupt theory that has no place in the modern world. Discuss. 3.   Mercantilism – a country should maintain a trade surplus, even if that means that imports are limited by government intervention. Bankrupt theory because: – Inconsistent with the general notion of globalization. †¢ Eventually, a country will find it difficult to export if it imposes oppressive quotas and tariffs on its imports. – Consumers in the mercantilist country suffer. †¢ Denied access to either â€Å"cheaper† or more â€Å"sophisticated† goods from other countries. 4. Is free trade fair? Discuss. 5. Trade theory suggests that specialization and free trade benefits all countries. However, a case can be made in some situations for imposing trade barriers. E.g.: – Infant industry argument – National security 6.What are the potential costs of adopting a free trade regime? Do you think governments should do anything to reduce these costs? What? 7. Job loss Government should: –provide retraining programs OR –Do nothing, it will all come out in the wash 8. THE RISE OF BANGLADESH’S TEXTILE TRADE (PG. 206) CLOSING CASE: 9. Why was the shift to a free trade regime in the textile industry good for Bangladesh? 10. Until 2005, Bangladesh’s opportunities in the developed nations were governed by a quota system. Introduction of free trade policies enabled Bangladesh to increase its exports. Competitive advantage in the production of textiles. – low cost, productive labour force. – strong network of supporting industries. Also, attracted Western importers looking to diversify their supplier base. 11. Who benefits when retailers in the United States source textiles from low wage countries such as Bangladesh? Who might lose? Do the gains outweigh the losses? 12. BANGLADESH low cost, lower price ï‚ §competitive advantage US Higher price – fewer garments purchased locally Possible job loss 13. What international trade theory, or theories, best explain the rise of Bangladesh as a textile exporting powerhouse? 14. Exporting powerhouse: – Relatively low wages. – Investments in boosting productivity levels. – Network of supporting industries.   Theory of comparative advantage ï‚ § Porter’s theory of competitive advantage 15. How secure is Bangladesh’s textile industry from foreign competition? What  factors could ultimately lead to a decline? 16. Bangladesh is attractive due to: – low cost garments – the opportunity for importers to diversify their supply base (Importers do not want to solely rely on China and see – Importers do not want to solely rely on China and see Bangladesh as an attractive alternative to hedge risks.   However, their infrastructure could prove to be problematic for its exporters. – If importers find that infrastructure problems disrupt their supplies, they could begin to look for new source countries. – Bangladesh should make the necessary investments to avoid any disruptions in the industry. 17. THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK NEXT WEEK:

Albert Gallatin Inspired the Age of Canals in America

An era of canal building in the United States began in the early 1800s, helped along to a considerable degree by a report written by Thomas Jefferson’s secretary of the treasury, Albert Gallatin. The young country was hobbled by a horrendous transportation system which made it difficult, or even impossible, for farmers and small manufacturers to move goods to market. American roads at the time were rough and unreliable, often little more than obstacle courses hacked out of the wilderness. And reliable transportation by water was often out of the question due to rivers that were impassable at points of waterfalls and rapids. In 1807 the U.S. Senate passed a resolution calling upon the treasury department to compile a report proposing ways that the federal government could address the transportation problems in the nation. The report by Gallatin drew upon the experience of Europeans, and helped inspire Americans to begin building canals. Ultimately the railroads made canals less useful, if not entirely obsolete. But Americans canals were successful enough that when the Marquis de Lafayette returned to America  in 1824, one of the sights Americans wanted to show him were new canals that made commerce possible. Gallatin Was Assigned to Study Transportation Albert Gallatin, a brilliant man serving in Thomas Jefferson’s cabinet, was thus handed a task he apparently approached with great eagerness. Gallatin, who was born in Switzerland in 1761, had held a variety of governmental posts. And before entering the political world, he had a varied career, at one point running a rural trading post and later teaching French at Harvard. With his experience in commerce, not to mention his European background, Gallatin fully understood that for the United States to become a major nation, it needed to have efficient transportation arteries. Gallatin was familiar with the canal systems which had been built in Europe in the late 1600s and 1700s. France had built canals which made it possible to transport wine, lumber, farm goods, lumber, and other essential products throughout the country. The British had followed Frances lead, and by 1800 English entrepreneurs were busy constructing what would become a thriving network of canals. Gallatins Report Was Startling His 1808 landmark Report on Roads, Canals, Harbors, and Rivers was astounding in its scope. In more than 100 pages, Gallatin detailed a vast array of what today would be called infrastructure projects. Some of the projects Gallatin proposed were: A series of canals parallel to the Atlantic coast from New York City to South CarolinaA major turnpike from Maine to GeorgiaA series of inland canals heading to OhioA canal crossing New York stateImprovements to make rivers, including the Potomac, Susquehanna, James, and Santee, passable to major river navigation The entire projected expense for all the construction work proposed by Gallatin was $20 million, an astronomical sum at the time. Gallatin suggested spending $2 million a year for ten years, and also selling stock in the various turnpikes and canals to finance their eventual upkeep and improvements. Gallatins Report Was Far Ahead of Its Time Gallatin’s plan was a marvel, but very little of it was actually implemented. In fact, Gallatins plan was widely criticized as folly, as it would require a vast outlay of government funds. Thomas Jefferson, although an admirer of Gallatins intellect, thought his treasury secretarys plan might be unconstitutional. In Jeffersons view, such vast spending by the federal government on public works would only be possible after amending the Constitution to allow for it. While Gallatins plan was seen as wildly impractical when it was submitted in 1808, it became the inspiration for many later projects. For instance, the Erie Canal was eventually built across New York state and opened in 1825, but it was built with state, not federal funds. Gallatins idea of a series of canals running along the Atlantic coast was never implemented, but the eventual creation of the intra-coastal waterway essentially made Gallatins idea a reality. The Father of The National Road Albert Gallatin’s vision of a great national turnpike running from Maine to Georgia may have seem utopian in 1808, but it was an early vision of the interstate highway system. And Gallatin did get to implement one major road building project, the National Road which was started in 1811. Work began in western Maryland, at the town of Cumberland, with construction crews moving both eastward, toward Washington, DC, and westward, toward Indiana. The National Road, which was also called the Cumberland Road, was finished, and became a major artery. Wagons of farm products could be brought east. And many settlers and emigrants headed west along its route. The National Road lives on today. It is now the route of US 40 (which was eventually extended to reach the west coast). Later Career and Legacy of Albert Gallatin After serving as treasury secretary for Thomas Jefferson, Gallatin held ambassadorial posts under presidents Madison and Monroe. He was instrumental in negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. Following decades of government service, Gallatin moved to New York City where he became a banker and also served as president of the the New York Historical Society. He died in 1849, having lived long enough to see some of his visionary ideas become reality. Albert Gallatin is regarded as one of the most influential treasury secretaries in American history. A statue of Gallatin stands today in Washington, D.C., before the U.S. Treasury building.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1506 Words

â€Å"By 1929 it was estimated that there were 219,000 speakeasies in the United States, 32,000 of which were in New York City† (Boardman 71). People of the 1920s used Prohibition to get ahead in society by selling alcohol illegally. F. Scott Fitzgerald, wrote, The Great Gatsby, which takes place in Long Island, near New York City, during the 1920s. In the novel, the main character, Jay Gatsby, is a successful man who has participated in shady businesses to get what he wants. In, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald portrays the corruption of American society using Prohibition and how it brought about the rise of organized crime in the 1920s. First, the Prohibition Act, proclaimed in the 1920s, was not taken seriously by American society. The act was a†¦show more content†¦This highlights the corruption of society in the 1920s caused by the passing of Prohibition and disunity between the eyes of the law and the eyes of the people. President Herbert Hoover, who was untrusted by the public, said that prohibition was a worthy experiment but was far reaching for society (Boardman). In reality, Prohibition was a colossal failure in American history highlighting the corruption in the 1920s by individualistic people going against law. Parallel to the Prohibition in the 1920s, in, The Great Gatsby, Prohibition was widely ignored and alcohol was imprudently consumed by the wealthy in society. Nick Caraway takes the reader through the house of Mr. Gatsby and notices his surroundings and behavior of people in the house. Nick exclaims, â€Å"The bar is in full swing, and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outs ide, until the air is alive with chatter and laughter, and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot and enthusiastic meeting between women who have never knew each other’s names (40). Nick points out the causality of people in the house who are committing a crime which reveals to the reader the mindset of people at the time and how

The Treatment Of American Prisons - 929 Words

In America, people are sent to prison with the goal for the convict to be punished, to prevent them from doing bad things again, and to deter others from breaking the law. Each year, millions of people are released from prison, but roughly two-thirds of the prisoners who were released reoffend within three years of leaving prison, often with a more serious and violent offense. This can be attributed to the ineffective correction style that America has adopted: punishment. American prisons have focused more on punishment than correcting the character, attitudes, and or behavior of the convicted offender and this has held an adverse effect on one’s incorporation into society after incarceration. The treatment of prisoners while they are†¦show more content†¦If an employee shows disorderly and unprofessional conduct in the work place, then he or she gets fired. Punishment is a method to lessen wrong and unwanted behavior. It is usually painful, physically or psychologica l, so a person will avoid punishment. In an issue about punishment by S.G. Friedman and Bobbi Brinker, they state that â€Å"Punishment is what most of us do†¦first. It is our teaching legacy passed down from generation to generation. We are virtually surrounded by punishing strategies used to influence our behavior: From overdue library books to†¦fines, penalties and reprimands whirl around us like leaves in a storm. For many of us, to give up punishment as our primary tool with which to influence negative behavior is to leave us empty handed.† Because punishment works for many to discourage bad behavior, the idea of American prisons using punishment is justified - if you punish the prisoner, they would be corrected, and their criminal acts would be deterred. Prison is the most severe type of punishment that America institutes. It is a physical and psychological attack on the prisoner. It affects the prisoners’ material possessions because they can earn litt le or no income while incarcerated, they may lose their job, and spend their life savings. It affects the prisoner’s body because he or she is under the control of others and very little freedom exists for him or her.

Practice for Enrolled Nurses in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Identify which issue is being discussed by the authors in this article. 2.What are the two main reasons cited behind the issue? 3.The authors provide a number of important reasons in explaining the changes to Enrolled Nurse practice and the current situation. Which two factors / reasons do you think are most significant and why? 4.In the article, identify two of the different considerations, in terms of viewing scope of practice for nurses. 5.In the article a number of professional and practice issues impacting on nursing are identified as a result of expanding scope of practice of the Enrolled Nurse. Identify two of these issues. Answers: 1.Jacob et al. (2013) in their article Scope of practice for Australian enrolled nurses: Evolution and practice issues have highlighted the issue of significant changes brought about in the scope of practice for enrolled nurses in Australia in the past one decade. The main concern is that enrolled nurses have moved into clinical areas that were previously conventionally the domain of domain of registered nurses in Australia. The responsibilities of Enrolled nurse have seen drastic expansion in the recent past to include care settings such as anesthetics, operating theaters and emergency departments acute medical and surgical wards. Earlier, registered nurses used to handle these areas. Further, enrolled nurses at present have taken up enhanced roles including education, bereavement counseling and wound care. The researchers highlighted that the change in the scope of practice for enrolled nurses had the characteristic of accelerating in a rapid pace that has given rise to a number of questions relevant to the quality of care delivered. This is a serious concern since these question sare still unanswered without any precision being achieved. It has been found that due to the changes in the scope of practice there have been changes in the set of activities that enrolled nurses as healthcare practitioners perform within the particular professional domain. The nature of tasks that the nurses of the country are to perform have undergone an evolution, and it is to be mentioned that the scope of practice has been enhanced, expanded and extended. The movement of the role of enrolled nurses into different practice domain has drawn attention since the expansion of the role into diverse domains of practice retained for pharmacists, and most importantly registered nurses have been prominent in the recent past. 2.The two primary reasons that have been cited behind the issue of changes brought about in the scope of practice for enrolled nurses in Australia are role confusion and overlap between enrolled nurses and registered nurses in Australia, and education and employment of enrolled nurses. The scope of enrolled nurses initially was focused around providing basic patient care like monitoring of health status of patients and assisting patients with daily activities of living. Since the role of enrolled nurses has expanded, they are at present contributing to the role of registered nurses such as administration of medications. Such role changes, or rather the addition of responsibilities have led to role confusion and role overlap. The majority of issues due to role overlap and confusion have been witnessed in rural settings and aged care sector. The education and responsibilities that enrolled nurses have show huge variation from one state of Australia to another. Therefore there has been issues with setting up the appropriate the system of education that can lead to improved career paths for enrolled nurses through the development of standards. The advanced and evolved courses have incorporated advanced skills that are effective in prmoting further enhancement of the scope of practice of enrolled nurses as well as their employment in healthcare service centres (Jacob et al. 2013). 3.Jacob et al. (2013) had identified a number of important reasons to explain the changes brought about in the enrolled nurse practice and the current situation. Two factors that are most significant are workforce shortage and economic constraints. As per the author, the changes have largely occurred as a consequence of economic pressure and staff shortage at all levels of the healthcare domain. The percentage of enrolled nurses in the countrys healthcare professional workforce has seen major variations in the past twenty years. Initial peaks in workforce numbers were due to the increased use of enrolled nurses when there had been a shortage in number of registred nurses. This trend has continued till present times further influenced by the fact that there has been an irregular flow of unregulated healthcare workers. The healthcare departments have been responsible for not increasing provision for adequate funding that can promote professional development of registered nurses. Econom ic pressure has been felt while bringing changes in the skill mix and stimulating better nursing goals. Due to financial constraints, the recruitment of registered nurses into healthcare settings have not been feasible, compelling the recruitment of enrolled nurses in place of registered nurses. There lies evidence for workforce shortage and economic constraints being the two most significant factors behind changes to Enrolled Nurse practice and the current situation. According to Buerhaus et al. (2017) the clinical staff are the health systems most crucial inputs and shortage in one nurse professional group needs to be compensated by another group. Further, with economic restrictions in the care settings, advanced care delivery is not possible wherein each healthcare professional has a designated role and distinct set of responsibilities. 4.The article has identified different considerations in terms of viewing scope of practice for nurses. The two most important ones are task needs and competency statements. Task lists have been implemented by certain organisaions for defining practice. Nevertheless, defining role by a list of tasks instead of involvement in patient care is responsible for demarcating the value of nurses in the health care team. Task lists cannot identify management of patient care, differences in clinical reasoning, problem solving and ethical decision making skills. The ANMC had developed competency standards which both enrolled and registered nurses are to abide by as national guidelines for practice. These competencies are divided into four domains of practice: critical thinking and analysis; professional practice; provision and coordination of care; and collaborative and therapeutic practice (Jacob et al. 2013). 5.Jacob et al. (2013) in their research paper have pointed out a numerous practice and professional issues that impact on nursing care as a result of expanding the scope of practice of enrolled nurses. Two such issues are impacting on quality of care and increased work demands. Changes to the scope of practice have led to doubts about the impact of unregulated healthcare workers practice and enrolled nurses practice on the quality of care delivered since the level of education and experience of nurses are crucial factors for optimal care. When the care is delivered by registred nurses, it is believed that the care quality is better. Manipulation in the skills mix for reduction the proportion of registred nurses has the potential to reduce the quality of care. This might also lead to more healthcare costs. Further, an enrolled nurse might be showing less ability to demonstrate analytical skills and complex thinking skills. They might also break down complex nursing tasks into simpler and easier ones, the result of which can be detrimental to the patient. The article also highlighted that enrolled nurses might be expressing less enthusiasm for undertaking an expanded scope of practice since such an expanded scope demands advanced skills of reasoning, planning, reflection and evaluation. Enrolled nurses are pressurized to increase their scope of practice since the healthcare settings consider the strategy as a cost-cutting one. As a consequence enrolled nurses might be feeling overloaded with responsibilities apart from their traditional duties, increasing the chances of attrition or absenteeism. Such risks are of much concern in rural settings where there is lack of clarity regarding extended roles and additional demands in educational preparedness and practice time frame References Buerhaus, P.I., Skinner, L.E., Auerbach, D.I. and Staiger, D.O., 2017. Four challenges facing the nursing workforce in the United States.Journal of Nursing Regulation,8(2), pp.40-46. Ruth Jacob, E., Barnett, A., Sellick, K. and McKenna, L., 2013. Scope of practice for Australian enrolled nurses: Evolution and practice issues.Contemporary nurse,45(2), pp.155-163.

Physical Vapor Deposition and Inmobilized metal na Essay Example For Students

Physical Vapor Deposition and Inmobilized metal na Essay noparticles Student Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course: Date: The application of metal nanoparticles has grown greatly over the past years.Immobilized metallic particles are much easier to fabricate via normal wet chemistry, giving various choices with regard to shape and sizeCITATION Mar05 l 1033. Furthermore, SERS hotspots can be cheaply realizedthrough the aggregation of immobilizedmetallic particles from their suspensionsthrough the use of salts or any analyte of interest.Nevertheless, the use of aggregated and dispersedimmobilized metallic particles as SERS substrates within real analyticalcomplications is limited as a result of the poor modification factor reproducibility.The issue of reproducibility could be solved through advanced metallic nanoparticles immobilization together with some solid supportCITATION LeR09 l 1033. The easiest SERS experiments are achieved with metallic nanoparticles under the presence of particular analyte concentration. However, suspension of metallic nanoparticles should be mixed with the SERS analyte solution, a sampling demand that may be hampering some applications. Regardless, of the reproducibility andpossible sampling shortcomings, metallic nanoparticles are widely used as SERS substrate because of their good stability, high SERS performance and easy fabrication.Furthermore,theypromote the formation of more stable metallic particles. Another methodology comprises of generating some SERS substrates through immobilizing the metallic nanoparticles under a planar foundation. The metallic nanoparticles adhesion to solid supports is occasionally so poor and particular immobilization methodologies have to be devised to retain the performance and integrity of SERS substrate over time.For example the chemical attachment of metallic nanoparticles to solid substrates where bi-f unctional molecules are used for its immobilizationCITATION Fre95 l 1033. The ideology behind this is to anchor the moleculeto the surface through the use of one of its functional sets, hence leaving the other functional set free to bind the metallic nanoparticle.Glass slides surfaces are functionalized with thiol or amine groups with the aid of a surface polymerization procedure coupled withDeepingthe functionalized glass to the metallic nanoparticles suspension for some time periodCITATION DMM10 l 1033.Benefits of using Glass in this case includelarge enlargement factor, low cost, electrochemical addressability, flexibility with regard to glass surface geometry, better reproducibility as opposed to metallic nanoparticles in suspension and the fact that glass has a less di-electric constant that affects the Rama/SERS signal compared to other substances such as PDMS. Apart from the above approach, some other efficient surface chemical modification avenues exists which have been used to immobilize metallic nanoparticles. For instance, the introduction of amino functionalityto a silicon surfacethrough the application of Silane chemistry. The amino group was successively clapped using a carboxyl alkanethiol. The thiol group then reacted with the metallic nanoparticles.SERS substrates could also be achieved through fabricated biochips by soft lithographyCITATION Fre95 l 1033. A set of nanofabrication technique is established to build nano-pillars frameworks within a silicon wafer as a parent molding copy, then the other nano-wells frameworks on polydimethylsiloxane.PDMS are established through soft lithography. The selection of metallic deposition on the nanowells is used to establish SERS active sites prior to the integration with glass microfluidic that works as a sample delivery device as well as an optical transparent window for imaging of the S ERS spectroscopic. PDMS is an off the-shelve available chemically and physically stable silicone rubber. It contains some unique flexibility that cannot be compared to glass with shear elastic modulus as a result of one of the lowest glass temperature transition of any polymer. In addition, PDMS are a bit some low change within the shear elastic modulus as opposed to temperature typically no change in elastic modulus versus high compressibility and frequency. Due to its clean processability, the high flexibility and low temperature, thechances of change to any of its functional components as well as property drift over temperature and time, as opposed to glass, PDMS is suitable for chemical and mechanical sensors as it has many desirable features than can be found in glass when producing SERS signals and further helps in making the SERS morestronger.Furthermore, the di-electric properties of PDMS is an advantage to Surface Plasmon generated on metal nanoparticles which is much greater that the di-elec tric properties of glass. The great di-electric properties help in the creation of force sensors which respond to several forces much easily. Humanism in philosophy Essay C. C. L.-C. P. Z. J. A. M. Carlos, Thiol-immobilized silver nanoparticle aggregate films for surface enhanced Raman scattering,Journal of Raman Spectroscopy,vol. 39, no. 9, p. 1162-1169, 2008. R. G. K. A. K. B. R. D. J. G. A. H. M. J. M. S. P. W. D. N. M. Freeman, Self-Assembled Metal Colloid Monolayers: An Approach to SERS Substrates., US National Library of Medicine , 1995. S. T. V. Singamaneni, Nanostructured surfaces and assemblies as SERS media., US National Library of Medicine , 2008. J. Thornton, Physical vapor deposition.,Noyes Data Corporation, Noyes Publications, Semiconductor Materials and Process Technology Handbook for Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI) and Ultra Large Scale Integration(ULSI),,pp. 329-454., 1988. H. H. Y. . Z. Y. Chu, Silver nanorod arrays as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection. Applied spectroscopy, 2008. E. C. a. P. G. E. Le. Ru, Principles of surface enhanced Raman scattering and related plasmonic effects, 2009.